Many historians date back the establishment of Morocco to the trip of Hanon Al Carthage to the region around the 10th century BC. Some scholars however date back the foundation of kingdom to the Berber tribes who used to live in the area where Morocco is nowadays is located. Travelers coming from all over the world travel to Morocco every year because they enjoy their holidays in Morocco viewing the monuments erected all over the history of the Kingdom
These Berber tribes had connections with the Phoenicians who have established many centers near the beaches of the Atlantic Ocean like Tanga and Milya. The relation of the Phoenicians and the inhabitants of Morocco at this period depended mainly on commercial activities and the armies of the Phoenicians never thought of conquering the area.
A large number Phoenicians have settled in Northern Africa and founded the city of Carthage. Their trading and commercial activities started growing and the wealth of the city was expanding a year after the other. Phoenicians had strong connections with the Berbers who lived in the region. The inhabitants of these tribes have considered themselves belonging to the Phoenicians Empire.
However, when the power of the Phoenicians starting decreasing and their control over Carthage began to lessen, the Berbers gradually started taking control of the Phoenicians establishments in Northern Africa until all the centers belonged to them in the 6th century BC.
The inhabitants of Northern Africa have not enjoyed their indolence for long as the Romans launched a grand military campaign to take control of the region that remained for hundreds of years of battles between the Romans and the Berbers. However, the Romans at the end were only able to control some Northern areas and their capital was called “Oleily”. Some of the ruins of the establishments of the Romans in Northern Africa are still present until today and tourists who come for vacations in Morocco who are fond of history go to explore these remains. This is besides many other antiquities that travelers coming on Morocco tours explore
In the beginning of the 5th century BC, the Vandals tribes, after defeating the Roman armies at the region, were able to govern Morocco and Northern Africa. The Berbers of Morocco never liked the idea of being ruled by any other dynasties or kings other then themselves and they regained much of their power during the period when the Vandals occupied the region. Therefore, some of the Berber princes were able to regain their independence and started fighting the Vandals who only controlled the cities of Tanga and Sebta at the time.
However, the Byzantine armies gaining more and more power at the period were able to conquer Northern Africa in 533 and defeat the Vandals. The Berber tribes of northern Africa resorted to the mountains and many struggles occurred between the two parties until the Moslems conquered the whole region in 683 AD
The Moslem leader, Musa Ibn Nossier was able to conquer Morocco and Northern Africa with the help of his army leaders, Tarek Ibn Zeyad and Oqba Ibn Nafea’ in 683 AD. After the Moslems took control of the region Umayyad kings ruling from Damascus was governing morocco and the whole region.
After a period of time during the rule of the Abbasids and because of the injustice of the rulers and the desire of the inhabitants of Northern Africa to have their states, many revolutions took place in the area. A number of independent states were established in Northern Africa like the Sijilmassa.
However, the state of disturbance remained in northern Africa and in Morocco because of the weakness of the central rulers governing the area from Damascus and Baghdad until Idris Ibn Al Hassan, or Idris I came to Morocco and the Berbers, knowing that he is a close relative of the family of prophet Mohamed, gathered around him.
Idris I was able to take control of Morocco and establish his dynasty, the Idrisids in 788. Afterwards, he founded the city of Fes and erected the mosque and university of Qarawiyyin and his city became one of the most important centers in Northern Africa where sciences and arts flourished greatly. Fes nowadays is one of the most popular destinations for travelers coming from all over the world in private Morocco tours and different trips in Morocco
The Idrisids remained in power until the year 988 before the Almoravids came into the scene and took control of Morocco, Northern Africa, and Andalusia in 1058.
Almoravids dynasty, established by Yusuf Ibn Tashfin between 1056 and 1060 have settled in Marrakesh, the city which they established as their capital and starting point for successful military campaigns to conquer the rest of the cities of Morocco including Fes.
Ibn Tashfin continued his conquests and reached Andalusia and was able to defeat the Spanish and regain all the regions that were ruled by them. His son, Ali Ibn Yusuf continued the achievements of his father and he was capable of making all the princes of Andalusia pay him homage and he also took control of the four islands of Balearic.
In the period around 1133, a new movement was established in Morocco under the leadership of Mohamed Ibn Tumort who started gaining power a day after the other until they were able to conquer Fes in 1145 by Abdel Moe’men Ibn Ali, one of the most successful sultans of the Moroccan history.
Two year after Ibn Ali has entered Fes; he conquered Marrakesh in 1147 and established the city as his capital. The same as the Almoravids dynasty, the kings of the Almohad started launching military campaigns over Morocco, Northern Africa, and Andalusia and they were able to take control of the whole region.
When Sultan Al Mansur came in power in 1184, Morocco and Andalusia have witnessed the greatest periods of their ancient history. Al Mansur founded the city of Al Rabat, the nowadays capital of Morocco, had many mosques, walls, palaces, and different structures erected in Morocco and Spain. Many Morocco travel tours include visits to the structures built by Almohad rulers and no packages to Morocco can miss two or three days visit to Rabat.
Morocco at the time of Al Mansur was one of the most developed regions in the world exporting arts, philosophy, and different types of sciences to all the neighboring areas. The most glorious days of Al Mansur were when he defeated the Spanish in Al Arak battle making them lose all their control over Andalusia.
Some scholars believe that Almohad rulers and kings are the true establishers of Morocco and they remained in power until 1266 when their last Sultan, Al Watheq was killed by the Marinids in 1266. This incident was a turning point in the history of Morocco with new rulers coming in power and different events taking place.
The Marinids, who originally came from the Zenata tribes near Libya and settled in the Eastern section of the Moroccan Kingdom had sever battles with Almohad dynasty until they were able to declare themselves as the only rulers of the kingdom in 1266.
When Abu Al Hassan who ruled the Marinids dynasty from 1331 until 1351, the empire has witnessed their best days and their control extended over the whole region from East to West.
The civilization of the empire of the Marinids which remained in power for around 250 years was extremely flourishing and they had great buildings and structures erected all over Northern Africa.
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